Artificial Intelligence (AI) is very demanded technology in the present world. AI is a component off computer science, which deals with the human intelligence. Through AI we can make such intelligent devices which can mimic by learning such as recognizing objects, understanding and responded to any languages, making the right decisions and solving the complex questions. Through AI we can make our work simpler. AI algorithm is designed to make the decisions, often using real-time data. The AI system has the ability to learn and adapt the skills which has been taught. AI can also improve the efficiency of the work area.

AI is very important technology for the betterment of the world. AI technology example is Alexa “the voice based search machine”, as is recognize the voice commands to perform the tasks given. It has 24/7 availability to support the user. As the live chats named “Chabot” are available in so many websites so to solve the user’s problem. So it saves a lot of time, cost. It has a very high speed. Speed is one of the major reason to exploit the artificial intelligence technology for example Microsoft Excel. To sum up the huge amount of numbers, we have to calculate one by one but in Microsoft excel the function named auto sum gives you the result in a bit. So for the speed computation artificial intelligence is one of the highlighted technology with reduced error.

Technologies like Siri, Alexa, Google assistant are the excellent example of AI. These AI Chabot’s are more advance and then from the normal Chabot’s, as they are programmed in such a way that they can answer the questions which has been asked by the user. If someone asks for a particular search etc., then these devices give the appropriate results. Machine Learning (ML) is the integral part of the technologies like Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant. Machine learning is an application of the Artificial Intelligence which focuses on the training the system to improve the ability of the machines. By feeding the data to computer system these devices become intelligent and became usable for the human.

Cryptocurrency, often known as crypto-currency or crypto, is any type of digital or virtual currency that uses encryption to safeguard transactions. Cryptocurrencies operate without a central issuing or regulating authority, instead relying on a decentralized system to track transactions and create new units. Cryptocurrency is a digital payment mechanism that does not rely on banks for transaction verification. It’s a peer-to-peer system that allows anyone to make and receive payments from anywhere. Cryptocurrency payments exist solely as digital entries to an online database identifying specific transactions, rather than as tangible money carried around and exchanged in the real world. The transactions that you make with cryptocurrency funds are recorded in a public ledger. Digital wallets are used to store cryptocurrency.

The moniker “cryptocurrency” comes from the fact that it uses encryption to verify transactions. This means that storing and sending cryptocurrency data between wallets and to public ledgers requires complex coding. Encryption’s goal is to ensure security and safety. Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, was created in 2009 and is still the most well-known today. Much of the fascination with cryptocurrencies stems from the desire to trade for profit, with speculators driving prices high at times.

Cryptocurrencies are based on the Blockchain–a distributed public ledger/database that keeps track of all transactions and is updated by currency holders. Cryptocurrency units are formed through a process known as mining, which entails employing computer processing power to solve complex mathematical problems in order to earn coins. Users can also purchase the currencies from brokers, which they can then store and spend using encrypted wallets. You don’t possess anything concrete if you own cryptocurrency. What you possess is a key that enables you to transfer a record or a unit of measurement from one person to another without the involvement of a trustworthy third party. Although Bitcoin has been present since 2009, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies are still in their infancy in terms of financial applications, with more to come in the future. Bonds, stocks, and other financial assets might all be traded via the technology in the future.

In the present time everybody must have heard of the terms Blockchain, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, and other similar technologies, and how they’ve had a huge impact on the digital world. These technologies are extremely well integrated and so work in concert. Let’s look at the fundamentals of cryptocurrency to gain a better knowledge of it. First, let’s define what a cryptocurrency isn’t. A cryptocurrency is not a form of money that can be utilized in everyday life. It can only be used to conduct transactions in the digital realm. To buy or sell with a cryptocurrency, it must first be translated from a digital form to a real-world currency. Dollars, rupees, and so forth. Let’s have a look at the image below to see what it’s all about.

Cryptocurrency’s Benefits

Inflation protection: Inflation has caused the value of several currencies to depreciate over time. Almost every cryptocurrency is introduced with a predetermined amount at the moment of its inception. The amount of any coin is specified in the source code; for example, there are only 21 million Bitcoins available in the globe. If a result, as demand rises, its value rises as well, keeping pace with the market and, in the long term, preventing inflation.

Self-managed and governed:

Any currency’s governance and upkeep are critical to its growth. Developers/miners are rewarded for storing cryptocurrency transactions on their hardware by receiving the transaction fee. Because the miners are compensated for their work, they keep transaction records accurate and up-to-date, ensuring the cryptocurrency’s integrity and decentralizing the records.

Protected and private: Cryptocurrencies’ privacy and security have always been a key worry. The Blockchain ledger is made up of a series of difficult-to-solve mathematical riddles. As a result, bitcoin transactions are more secure than regular electronic transactions. Cryptocurrencies employ pseudonyms that are unrelated to any user, account, or recorded data that may be linked to a profile for improved security and privacy.

Currency exchanges are simple: Cryptocurrency can be purchased with a variety of currencies, including the US dollar, the European euro, the British pound, the Indian rupee, and the Japanese yen. One currency can be converted into another via trading in cryptocurrencies, across different wallets, and with minimum transaction fees, using various cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges.

Decentralized: One of the main advantages of cryptocurrencies is that it is largely decentralized. Many cryptocurrencies are controlled by the developers who use them and those who own a considerable amount of the coin, or by a company that develops them before they are launched into the market. Unlike fiat currencies, which are controlled by the government, decentralization helps keep the currency monopoly free and in check so that no single organization can dictate the flow and value of the coin. This, in turn, keeps it stable and secure.

Mode of transaction that is cost-effective:

Sending money across borders is one of the most common uses of cryptocurrencies. The transaction fees paid by a user are decreased to a negligible or nil amount with the help of bitcoin. It does it by removing the requirement for third-party verification, such as VISA or PayPal. This eliminates the need for any further transaction costs.

A quick method of transferring payments:

Cryptocurrencies have always maintained their position as the best option for transactions. Cryptocurrency transactions, whether international or domestic, are lightning fast. This is due to the fact that the verification takes extremely little time to complete because there are so few barriers to overcome.

Drawback of Cryptocurrency

Can be used for illicit transactions: Due to the great secrecy and security of cryptocurrency transactions, it’s difficult for the authorities to track down or monitor any user by their wallet address. Bitcoin has already been used as a means of exchanging money in a variety of criminal transactions, including the purchase of drugs on the dark web. Some people utilize cryptocurrency to mask the origins of their illegally obtained money by converting it through a trustworthy intermediary.

Financial losses can result from data loss: The designers aimed to make source code that was essentially untraceable, powerful hacking defences, and impenetrable authentication mechanisms. Putting money in cryptocurrency, rather than actual cash or bank vaults, would be safer. However, if a user loses their wallet’s private key, there is no way to recover it. The wallet, as well as the number of coins within, will be kept secure. The user will suffer a financial loss as a result of this.

Decentralized yet still controlled by a third party: Cryptocurrencies are known for their decentralized nature. However, the founders and some organizations still control the flow and amount of various currencies on the market. These investors have the ability to manipulate the coin’s price in order to achieve big price swings. Even heavily traded coins, such as Bitcoin, which rose in value three times in 2017, are vulnerable to similar tricks.

Non-availability in other fiat currencies: Some cryptocurrencies can only be exchanged in one or a few fiat currencies, therefore they aren’t available in other fiat currencies. This forces the user to first convert these currencies into one of the major currencies, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, and then into their desired currency via other exchanges. Only a few cryptocurrencies are affected. This adds extra transaction costs to the process, costing you money you don’t need.

Adverse Environmental impact of mining cryptocurrencies: Mining cryptocurrencies requires a lot of processing power and electricity, making it a very energy-intensive process. Bitcoin is the main perpetrator in this. Bitcoin mining necessitates powerful machines and a lot of energy. It’s impossible to do with a regular PC. Bitcoin miners are concentrated in nations where coal is used to generate electricity, such as China. China’s carbon footprint has risen dramatically as a result of this.

Susceptible to hacks: Exchanges are vulnerable to hacks, despite the fact that cryptocurrencies are quite safe. Most exchanges save user wallet info in order to correctly operate their user ID. Hackers could steal this information, giving them access to a large number of accounts. These hackers can quickly move funds from those accounts once they have gained access. Some exchanges, like as Bitfinex and Mt Gox, have been hacked in recent years, and Bitcoin worth hundreds to millions of dollars has been stolen. Although most exchanges are now quite secure, another hack is always a possibility.

No refund or cancellation policy: The currency cannot be retrieved by the sender if there is a dispute between the parties involved, or if someone sends funds to the wrong wallet address by mistake. Many people can utilize this to defraud others of their money. Because there are no refunds, one can simply be formed for a transaction for which they never received the product or services.

By Dr. R. N. Baral | November 30, 2021

Academician & Researcher,

PhD in Electronics Engg., Ghaziabad, India.

Journal indexing advantage is for reputation and reaches, providing greater impact potential for journals and the scholars publishing in them. The scientific community has published an enormous amount of research articles in different research areas. Efficient and authentic databases are needed to get access to these research articles. The most common platforms used by the researchers are Scopus and Web of Science. These are the largest citation-based databases. They can be used for searching and analyzing various scientific publications, literature reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters. Apart from helping in regular literature surveys, Scopus and WoS databases also provide a source for the ranking of journals. The journal ranking is based on the total citations received in a particular year which leads to an impact factor of the journal. In terms of comparison, Scopus offers a more extensive list of modern sources with a more user-friendly interface. Web of Science, on the other hand, provides the in-depth citation by source and provides a large amount of scientific literature that has been published in the past.

Elsevier launched Scopus in 2004 as an overview and reference database. Scopus includes 34,346 participant publications in top-level topic categories such as biological sciences, social sciences, physical sciences, and health sciences, with over 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 inactive titles) from 11,678 publishers. There are three types of periodicals: book series, journals, and trade journals. Each year, the h-Index, Cite Score, SJR (SCImago Journal Rank), and SNIP (SCImago Journal Impact Factor) are used to evaluate all journals in the Scopus database for acceptable high quality (Source Normalized Impact per Paper). Searches of patent databases are also included in Scopus searches.

Web of Science is a unified academic platform that enables customers to access, assess, and publish database content fast. Because of the establishment of an ontology, or shared language, for a wide variety of search phrases and data, this is achievable. Furthermore, search words produce information that is cross-category. If information is appropriate for Web of Science, it must pass an inspection and selection method based on the following criteria: impact, influence, timeliness, peer review, and geographic representation. There are a variety of search and analysis tools available on Web of Science. The first step is to employ citation indexing, which is made easier by the ability to search across disciplines for results. An idea’s influence, effect, history, and technique may all be traced back to the first occurrence, observation, or recommendation.

Both Scopus and Web of Science complement each other. Scopus interface is considered more user-friendly as there is an advantage of the implementation of a sourcing system by individuals. It has a list of all the modern sources. On the other hand, Web of Science provides in-depth search results. It also serves as a platform for scientific publications from the past.

By Sachin Rana | October 19, 2021

Master’s in Commerce Studies,

Aligarh Muslim University.

Plagiarism is becoming increasingly prevalent in today’s educational system, affecting students all around the world rather than just one location. “The problem (of plagiarism) won’t go away,” as Paldy (1996) put it, causing it to become a common and widespread issue. The concept of literary theft has existed since the dawn of time. Ben Johnson, an Elizabethan playwright, invented the phrase in the early 17th century. The right of authorship was later guaranteed with the introduction of copyright laws, angering plagiarists. However, in the modern age of the internet, the possibility of plagiarising others’ literary works has multiplied. Plagiarism is prevalent in research articles, as there is ongoing stealing of information and ideas from various sources. There is also widespread use of students’ work by members of the research community, as well as the assumption of credibility for research done by others. There is no definitive evidence on the scope and type of plagiarism, but it is a problem that must be addressed because it jeopardizes research integrity.

Plagiarism appears to be such a straightforward and clear problem that it may not be addressed in a journal’s rules. After all, writers should be aware of the dangers of plagiarising others’ work, and if they do so on purpose, a journal’s policy is unlikely to deter them. Self-plagiarism, on the other hand, is a subtle kind of plagiarism that some writers may be ignorant of. While plagiarism is the act of stealing and presenting someone else’s work as one’s own, the concept of self-plagiarism is less firmly defined. “Duplicate publishing” (described later in this chapter) or “text recycling” is common terminology used to describe it. Text recycling is exactly what it sounds like: it’s repurposing one’s own words without giving proper credit to the original source. This is inescapable and perhaps unconscious practice for authors who write on a regular basis on the same subject. However, a journal should give writers direction on what types of recycling are appropriate and when they must properly reference their previous work. For example, a journal may make a basic difference between unpublished and published work, allowing unpublished elements to be reused (without citation) but mandating self-citation for previously published works. However, as more unpublished and informal work gets stored in institutional repositories, a journal may want to consider adding additional subtlety to its policy, such as mandating citation of any publicly available work, whether or not it has been formally published.

By Divesh Kumar  |  September 10, 2021

IT Graduate,

Himalayan Institute of Technology, Dehradun, India.

Life without devices is not possible today. It is hard to believe a life without gadgets. Also, there is no place left where the use of devices doesn’t appear. Hence This is the only reason behind the rapid growth in this field. Lets us look into some options in career for Electronics and Communication Engineer.

Electronics engineers specialize in a range of fields, including computer and communication networks, electronic circuits as well as systems, lasers and photonics, semiconductor and solid-state devices, nano-electronics, biomedical engineering, computational biology, intelligent systems, robotics, design and manufacturing, control, and optimization, computer algorithms, games and graphics, computer programming, computer architecture, cryptography, and information security. The information age’s infrastructure and fabric, which includes technologies like the internet and the web, search engines, mobile phones, high-definition television, and magnetic resonance imaging, is primarily the consequence of advances in electronics and communication engineering. Graduates of electronics and communication engineering have been at the forefront of many of these advancements. Current work in the electronics and communication area promises to maintain the department’s legacy of innovation and leadership in both research and teaching across the spectrum.

Electronics and communication engineering graduates have a wide range of career paths and opportunities, which are expanding all the time: fundamental technologies, devices, and systems based on electronics and communication engineering are widespread and indispensable to improving people’s lives and managing the environments they live in all over the globe. A profound education in engineering concepts, founded on mathematical, computational, physical, and biological sciences, and exercised with practical applications and project experiences in a broad variety of domains, provides the foundation for the success of electronics and communication engineering graduates. Electronics and communication engineering graduates have also proved throughout the time that the field offers a good foundation for people whose work and careers expand in fields other than engineering.

Electronics and communication engineering undergraduate and postgraduate students study a core curriculum that explains the principles of the field and then methodically construct wide foundations and depth in intellectual theme areas that fit their interests. In a range of areas, practical laboratory work, autonomous projects, and research allow opportunities to interact with concepts and practices of analysis, design, and experimentation. The department also provides a variety of programs for students to get industrial experience, ranging from joint industrial projects on campus to term-long internships at multiple organizations. Graduate study in the department moves students toward mastery of areas of individual interest, through coursework and significant research, often defined in interdisciplinary areas that take advantage of the tremendous range of faculty expertise in the department and, more broadly, across the globe.

By Sanjeev Kumar | August 25, 2021

Independent Researcher,

M.Tech Kurukshetra University, India.